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[Music]

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[Applause]

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so Maggie did a really excellent job

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highlighting all the field work that

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we've been doing and some of the data

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sets that I haven't even seen them yet

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so I'm really excited to see what's

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coming out of these and what I wanted to

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do is take a bit of a step back and talk

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about the system as a whole and our

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rationale for why we're doing this work

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so especially digging into the role of

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ionic composition and concentration in

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these environments and I just wanted to

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say thank you to Mike OA Michael eyes

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Chris card Maggie was bored and also we

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have collaborated she way oh no Virginia

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Walker and Jack szostak so the

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inspiration for this project actually

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came from D HAP's

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deep hyper saline anoxic brian's there

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were two specific papers which you

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haven't read a kinky that were

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looking at ATP and DNA preservation in

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these hyper saline anoxic brines and the

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interesting thing is that DNA can

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potentially be formed can protect

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maintain its conformational e active AB

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so that was really interesting and I

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wanted to delve into what is it about

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these salts and why some salts are

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better than others at doing this so some

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definitions first off water activity I'm

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sure a lot of us are familiar with it

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but I just want to go over it a little

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bit there one dynamic availability of

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water so pure water has an AW of 1 and

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the limits of life are is currently

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around zero point six zero five this is

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zero terilyn tolerant fungi that can

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grow off of sucrose solutions but

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different salts affect this differently

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so magnesium sulfate at saturation has a

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water activity of zero point eight six

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but magnesium chloride at saturation has

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a water activity down around 0.33 so

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these two salts obviously have very

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different solubility Center there are

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there ion pairing is really affecting

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how water activity is is determined in

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the system and the thing that I want to

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drive home and something to think about

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going forward is that we usually use

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water activities the metric for

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habitability but it's really important

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to understand that these values aren't

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all equally habitable so NaCl system

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with 0.67 is how tubule mgcl2 system at

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the same water activity is not and that

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has to do with these ions in the

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Hofmeister series this is actually

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anything news published first in 1888

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it's a little bit complicated to just

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look at the anions on the bottom these

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are ordered from cosmic shellcode which

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are tell which are stabilizing to K

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atrophic destabilizing and this is both

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for how they affect the structure of

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water and differing biological molecules

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specifically proteins and lipids so

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these cosmic ropes here can salt out

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proteins in solution and so they're but

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they'll do an opposite thing for DNA

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whereas these are going to destabilize

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proteins in solution the cations get

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even more complicated this is ordered

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with respect to their effects on water

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but you have to flip it with her in

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order and therefore their effects on

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biological molecules and dependent it

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depends on what biological molecule

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you're talking about so it's really

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complicated and it's not well understood

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and the reason that we're specifically

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looking at magnesium sulphate

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environments is because we've got this

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that interesting dichotomy which oops

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sorry we've got this interesting

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dichotomy between this cosmic OPIC anion

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and this potentially k topic for biology

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cation so that's why we're looking at my

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knees himself--a there's also an

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extensive evidence for the salt on Mars

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but this salt is not highly common on

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earth and the majority of system studies

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are NaCl so as Maggie said we're looking

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at these three lakes in the middle of

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nowhere BC it is fantastic you should

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definitely go the reason that these

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lakes are here is because they're

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located between the Cascades and the

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rocky mountains so we're in a rain

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shadow things are really really dry in

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this environment

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these are glacial Basin lakes grossly

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formed based on lakes

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closed basin and so that's why we're

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getting a huge concentration within the

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environment so we've already looked at

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these a little bit as Maggie pointed out

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these are spotted lakes which are unique

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to this part of the world we don't know

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about them anywhere else

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and we don't know why they're doing this

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so that's another question that's

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outstanding

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this crazy map is the geology of the

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area and why we have some really unique

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ions in solution so basically last

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chance lake is underlaying by both said

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basaltic volcanic rocks

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and whereas like Clinton the Basque

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Lakes are underlined by marine

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sedimentary rocks and then I should also

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point out that we've got grabbed and

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grano diuretic conclusions throughout

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the region

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this whole grey unit here is permeant

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upper Triassic limestone marble which is

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why we're having all that we have a lot

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of magnesium carbonate in the

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environment and there's also pirate and

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pure tight deposits which is where

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sulphuric acid is coming from so a

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little bit more about these spotted

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Lakes there they're temporally they're

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spatially stable over time so this image

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here was taken in 2016 and if you

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compare it to the 1918 paper the spots

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are in the same place they're not moving

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we don't know what's going on in this

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environment they never really dry out

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enough to really be able to dig down and

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it's also really difficult to core in

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this environment because there's a hard

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layer of salt about 30 centimeters down

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that you just smack into so we don't

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know what the hydrogen optical controls

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are and I've been chatting with Jill

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actually this week about maybe trying to

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do some resistivity here to get a handle

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on what the hydrology is of this

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environment so as Maggie touched in a

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little bit we want to constrain the

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physical chemistry of this environment

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and assess ions specific effects and

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that's why we're looking at both the

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sodium sulfate Lake and magnesium

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sulfate lake and the difference that

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these two cations have on biological

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stability I want to look at the

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characterizing the community of course

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and then assess this preservation

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potential looking in the salts the

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sediment of water column and also doing

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these sediment cores and looking at it

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across time and we're looking at sort of

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short-term bio signatures such as ATP

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and DNA and longer term bio signatures

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such as these lipids IPL versus core

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we're looking at amino acid

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rasterization

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and also I'm interested in sulfur

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fractionation at high salinities in this

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environment which for which there is a

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lot so Clinton Lee this is the scoring

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for the first time many thanks to yarrow

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expert for showing us how to do it you

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might note that the core head is above

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the water this is really difficult to do

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and your boards float when it's really a

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float they float any

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but when the barns are this dense they

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really float away we got back but it

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this was a challenging environment to

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work in we had and they're supposed to

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be dry this is the dry season I'll note

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that there's 8 centimeters of water on

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top of this Lake and wheat so to get it

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to the spots we had to do this sorry but

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there is there was still coherent sub

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aqueous salt about 27 meters below the

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surface that was really neat that's like

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number 2 is in much drier location so we

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could get to those pools which was

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fantastic we had hydrogen sulfide

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bubbling up underneath the salt crust

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and forming iron sulphides and if you

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pull that out you can see photosynthetic

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layers and then also black you're black

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anoxic layer right here also there's

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this these great little brine shrimp

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that were only in pools that had a water

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activity above 0.9 so in our really

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shallow pools they didn't exist in me

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just from branch and breaks and then

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finally last chance lake which is our

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sodium sulfate that chemistry is wrong

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but it's okay

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we didn't have salt precipitating in the

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lake here we think that's because it's a

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much more soluble salt and the only

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places we got it run trees and branches

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that were along the margins again this

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was supposed to be completely dry so it

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was an ideal but we got some still got

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some really interesting data so this is

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ICP I see data from the fall

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we've got concentration millimolar here

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and salinity grams per liter on the

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x-axis or the y-axis and then of the

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different lakes so Salt Lake and Last

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Chance were flooded so we only have one

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data point but we got the three

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different pools for Bass Lake and you

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can see the water activity data here

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below so I'll highlight the fact that

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Salt Lake and Last Chance because they

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were flooded had fairly low salinities

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sorry um salinity for lots last year

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Salt Lake was 90 grams per liter and

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then we were at a hundred and sixty

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grams per liter and I'd like to draw

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your attention to this I said it was

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sodium sulfate the literature says that

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sodium sulfate and it was most

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definitely not sodium sulfate when we

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sampled so there's something really

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interesting going on there it might be a

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temporal variation that occurs when you

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have

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a lot of a huge rain event so we're

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gonna have to go back and sample a few

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times to figure out what's going on here

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but we did get some really nice DeLuna

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tees here at 300 above 300 grams per

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liter salinity so this stuff was that

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maple syrup at this point so as Maggie

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mentioned we're taking sediment cores

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from all these environments so that we

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can sample down core and look at

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degradation of all of these various

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biomolecules of interest so the course

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from Lake Clinton and best like number

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two really good they have sedimentation

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rates of 0.01 centimeters per year so

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pretty low but pretty good correlation

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we have a couple of age we have a couple

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of age inversions here this is probably

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us kicking up the top layer of sediment

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because it was really hard to not

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disturb the area we're in and we're

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checking on hard water effects and as

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you can see Chris here trying

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desperately to get this core into the

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ground and this is where there was this

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hard layer of salt underneath and it was

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impossible to get through so we're

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working on that last chance like is

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really weird we don't quite know what's

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going on here we have a lot of age

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inversions within the down core so these

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two are outside of the circle here of

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the pond and then these two here are

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within the pond so this this should say

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Cordy by the way so this purple line

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here is Cordy you can see that we have

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Asian versions all over the place but

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then Corsi which was a little bit more

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towards the center of the pond is

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actually not too bad so what was

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interesting is with last chance lake is

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that we actually get sorting in these

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ponds but you don't see with the other

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ones so the freeze-thaw maybe may have

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an effect in why these ponds are forming

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but we don't see it in basque lake or

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salt lake but in last-chance lake it

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might be happening and that may be why

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we have all these Asian versions here

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because we're getting turnover of the

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substrate when we get freestyle action

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each each winter and again we went back

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in the winter in February

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- 30 Celsius that was a new one for me

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to do work in constantly but it was

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fantastic

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and we got some joint imagery and we're

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gonna go back to small and get some joan

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and hopefully some spectral imaging of

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the sights we do have some ATP brian

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data from the winter months the summer

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we had to figure out how to do this

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because they're so saline that they were

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causing saturation of the detector and

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inactivation of lewis if rays enzyme so

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you can see here that we have four

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clinton lake we had water at three

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different sites moving outwards from the

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shore so this is closest to the shore

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and this is closest to the center of the

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lake so you can see that free ATP is

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increasing but our cell cellular ATP is

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sort of staying a bit level it's not

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necessarily correlated with that with

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last chance lake we have this was the

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first to drill spots the ice had frozen

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to the bed but right out into the third

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spot we got Brian finally and we could

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sample that so we had fairly high levels

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and then same with Pascal ate the two

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ponds that we had sampled in the summer

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had frozen directly to the bed and so

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baths like two point three which

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originally had that high water activity

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and had the brine shrimp in it that was

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what we were looking at with our ATP and

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we had very high cellular ATP in this

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environment which may be reflective of

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those higher water activities I wish I

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had cell data to compare this to for you

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and it's coming imminently but we

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couldn't get it in time for today

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unfortunately and then just to follow up

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from that we did look at the ices and

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there's not really a strong correlation

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with distance from the shore LCL is

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constant across the three different

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sites and then we have a lot of

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variation in beale and that's like - and

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we don't know why that is so it's still

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something we're looking into

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so to finish up salinity in the lakes

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range from 80 grams per liter to 300

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grams per liter with water Shiva tees

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down to saturation for the brine

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sediment ages date back as far as 6000

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years for Salt Lake 5,000 for Last

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Chance and 3,400 for a basket number two

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we're gonna be recollecting ATP data

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along the seat with this year and

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looking at we're really curious about

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whether or not ATP is being concentrated

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within a cells because that happens a

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lot inside hyper saline environments to

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be used as a biological Cosmodrome and

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so trying to get at this idea of like is

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ATP RA to P values representative of

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cellular of microbial activity and

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microbial biomass in these environments

361
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or is it an artifact and you're getting

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at really high values because it's being

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preserved sequencing is currently

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underway and we're also back in the lab

365
00:14:12,450 --> 00:14:10,540
conducting an empirical test so where we

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created magnesium sulfate sodium sulfate

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sodium chloride and magnesium chloride

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brines

369
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a range of different concentrations and

370
00:14:23,820 --> 00:14:21,060
we're doing incubations of DNA plasmid

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ATP molecules and we'll be selecting

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00:14:29,130 --> 00:14:27,730
some IPL to do incubation experiments to

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look at what the empirical rates of

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degradation are and to compare that to

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what we're seeing in our sites

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so just wanted to say thank you to the

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NASA X biology Fund for funding this

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00:14:45,570 --> 00:14:42,760
work jacob Bufo mariachi was rodrigo

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00:14:47,160 --> 00:14:45,580
peter Doron Hema Dan Kirchner ER Oxford

380
00:14:48,990 --> 00:14:47,170
Quinn go vagus is like the best

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00:14:52,560 --> 00:14:49,000
veterinarian ever and gave us our Ellen

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00:14:54,150 --> 00:14:52,570
to in the field Richard Fineman and then

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00:14:57,480 --> 00:14:54,160
the caribou Lodge staff which is very

384
00:14:58,980 --> 00:14:57,490
key and providing that ladle and letting

385
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us get down to the sediment underneath

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the ice so thank you very much for

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00:15:05,940 --> 00:15:03,310
sticking it out for Friday and I'll take

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[Applause]

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all right we have time for one quick

390
00:15:21,620 --> 00:15:17,660
all right I have one actually in in your

391
00:15:24,199 --> 00:15:21,630
conclusion I'm I'm a yes

392
00:15:27,710 --> 00:15:24,209
maybe I'm misunderstood but I thought

393
00:15:31,699 --> 00:15:27,720
that Cosmo drop were like the effect of

394
00:15:35,240 --> 00:15:31,709
salt or onion scallions on protein so

395
00:15:39,350 --> 00:15:35,250
I'm a bit confused how ATP could be a

396
00:15:41,269 --> 00:15:39,360
molecule being a Cosmo drop so like

397
00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:41,279
different types of molecules can also be

398
00:15:46,280 --> 00:15:43,410
cosmic chops and can also act to

399
00:15:50,660 --> 00:15:46,290
stabilize or destabilize potentially so

400
00:15:53,660 --> 00:15:50,670
it's possibility that ATP is is being

401
00:15:56,030 --> 00:15:53,670
concentrated in cells in that manner

402
00:15:58,670 --> 00:15:56,040
there's a paper that I think came out in

403
00:16:01,040 --> 00:15:58,680
2017 that talks about this is HIV as a

404
00:16:03,819 --> 00:16:01,050
biological hedge stroke I think is the

405
00:16:07,639 --> 00:16:03,829
paper and so you can look at that to